Critical analysis of the implementation of Directive 2013/48/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council in the Polish legal order – arguments in favour of maintaining the existing procedural model.
Preliminary remarks. Directive 2013/48/EU, commonly referred to as the “defence directive”, imposes on Member States the obligation to ensure minimum standards of access to a lawyer in criminal proceedings and in European arrest warrant cases.[¹] In December 2025, the European Commission brought an action against Poland before the Court of Justice of the European Union, […]